Introduction: Cesarean section is considered essential for protecting both the mother’s and fetus’s health. Nevertheless, in spite of being one of the safest surgical methods, cesarean section is more dangerous for mothers than vaginal delivery. According to WHO’s report, almost 15% of the deliveries can correctly lead to cesarean. However, statistics during the previous decade show a noticeable increase in the rate of cesarean. In many cases, cesarean is not a medical necessity. According to a number of studies, pregnant women prefer not to tolerate the pain that, in turn, leads to the main cause of increasing tendencies to voluntary cesarean. Having Knowledge about pain reducing methods can, therefore, decrease such tendencies.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 390 pregnant women referring to the public health centers of Mashhad. They filled out a questionnaire about personal and obstetric information, the kind of delivery they preferred (vaginal or cesarean), and their Knowledge about pain relief methods of delivery.Results: The findings show that the study groups, i.e. those participants who favored cesarean and those who preferred vaginal delivery, showed no significant difference in age, education, and job. The main causes of tendency to vaginal delivery were found to be the fear of anesthesia and surgery as well as willingness to see the newborn immediately after giving birth. The fear of vaginal delivery pain and the physician’s diagnosis were the main causes of voluntary cesarean. 80.80% of the participants were not aware of the pain reducing methods of baby delivery.Conclusion: As suggested by the findings, the main reason for having cesarean is the fear of vaginal delivery. However, the findings also suggest that the patients are not sufficiently aware of pain relief methods due to the lack of access to the adequate information being provided by the delivery centers. It seems that raising women’s Knowledge about delivery pain reducing methods and their benefits can decrease their tendencies to voluntary cesarean.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the best methods of Knowledge acquisition in the field of the beekeeping industry (Case study: Beekeeping Development Support Fund). Method: In this research, after studying documents and libraries, seven experts in the field of beekeeping were interviewed. After that, a questionnaire was developed to collect information. The statistical population of the study was eighteen managers and employees of the beekeeping fund. Due to the small size of the statistical population, a questionnaire was distributed among all the members of the statistical population using the census method. Findings: The results of the research showed that according to the opinions of 16. 9% of the respondents, obtaining Knowledge from customers and the resulting feedback is the most important and best method of acquiring Knowledge in the beekeeping fund. Knowledge acquisition through interview and observation tools with 15. 7% and acquisition of Knowledge through learning (13. 5%) were in the next priorities in terms of importance. Also, using the questionnaire method with 1. 1% is the least important for gaining Knowledge for the beekeeping fund. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that to succeed in acquiring specialized beekeeping Knowledge and then disseminating it to beekeepers in the country, creating CRM (Customer Relationship Management), improving the specialized learning level of managers and employees, providing the possibility for them to participate in virtual classes (webinars),and specialized conferences on beekeeping and investing in social networks in the fund to support the development of beekeeping in the country is very necessary.

Information literacy and the Knowledge of how to correctly search information, retrieve and select proper documents is of significance particularly when it comes to nurses who work parallel and in line with physicians in all aspects of their major. An awareness of information searching and retrieving tools will lead to the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment entailing new training. This descriptive survey study used a questionnaire administered to supervisors in Tehran private hospitals in an attempt to identify their weaknesses and strengths in information acquisition in order to expand training programs for nurses. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyzed data. The results indicated that lack of skills to use computers and software, a poor command of English, and lack of Knowledge of search tools were among the main obstacles to access information resources. As most important information sources to women nurses are in English, a poor command of it was identified as an important and effective hurdle in information acquisition of supervisors.